Home Blog Page 21

What ‘The Bear’ Did Right, According to Industry Experts

0
What ‘The Bear’ Did Right, According to Industry Experts

This week, four years after its debut, The Bear is ending. The show’s fifth and final season drops on Thursday, June 25, on Hulu and FX, promising some level of resolution after the leadership changes depicted at the end of Season 4.

The Bear became a cultural phenomenon, working “Yes, chef” into the vernacular of normies everywhere and getting dudes in white T-shirts to be able to say they were going as Carmy for Halloween, as long as they were also able to track down a blue apron. The show brought major mainstream attention to Chicago restaurants, trotted out a stacked roster of industry cameos, and got people who’d maybe never heard of Ever to think about the layers of labour behind fine dining. Still, despite The Bear’s influence, it feels like the right time for it to come to an end.

While many chefs chose not to follow along with the show over its time on-air, with some citing its anxiety-inducing accuracy, I surveyed a few who did and wanted to reflect on the show’s legacy. Here’s what they had to say.

What did The Bear do well?

“It feels authentic when they’re giving you, the audience, a sense of the absolute chaos and stress of service. It’s similar to industry when they’re in the bullpen and they always have these little sound effects that bring up the stress level — it’s that way in The Bear, where people are always talking over each other, people are always raising their voices, it’s just boom, boom, boom, boom, nonstop, to the point where it’s almost difficult to watch as someone who’s been in that.” —Ivy Knight, food writer and former cook behind meme page @allezceline

“The show did an excellent job bringing the audience into the day-to-day realities of restaurant life. It didn’t shy away from the hardships or glamorise the work, as food competition shows often do. I especially appreciated how it portrayed the impact on mental health and the complex interpersonal relationships between staff, making the characters feel human and capturing the true stress of the industry. It is clear they consulted people who are either currently in the industry or have significant experience in it.” —Melissa Miranda, chef and owner of Musang and Kilig in Seattle

How did The Bear shape the culture?

“I think it got many people interested in what happens on this side of the pass. It obviously was not the most accurate representation at times, but that goes for most television: people want to watch drama.” —John Manion, executive chef of El Che and Brasero in Chicago

The Bear was a gift to the meme-makers of the world. Just the “Feast of the Seven Fishes” episode alone – Jamie Lee Curtis smoking in the kitchen and losing her mind – gave me so much content. You have cooks freaking out all the time in really dramatic ways, which provides great images to use for memes; you don’t necessarily see that in all the other cooking content that’s on TV.” —IK

Was The Bear good for the industry?

“I think The Bear was a net positive for the industry. It gave people a more profound understanding of the pressure, passion, and commitment that go into running a restaurant. For years, people saw the finished plate; The Bear helped show everything that happens behind it. It helped dispel the idea that restaurants are glamorous. Most of what we do is hard work, repetition, problem-solving, and teamwork. Great restaurants aren’t built on talent alone; they’re built on consistency.” —Antimo DiMeo, chef and owner of Bardea Restaurant Group in Wilmington, Delaware

“I believe it had a similar impact to Kitchen Confidential in that, suddenly, everyone in the world who had nothing to do with restaurants besides being a customer was very interested in the inner workings of restaurants. I think the more people talk about kitchens, see what really happens, and understand the stress, the better. We can ‘celebrify’ chefs until the cows come home, but showing what it’s really like and helping people understand this hidden subculture is all for the good. —IK

What misconceptions did The Bear perpetuate?

“If anything, it can make people think chaos is required for excellence. The reality is that the best restaurants operate with strong systems, communication, and accountability. The pressure is real, but constant dysfunction doesn’t have to be. What I disliked most is that some viewers may come away thinking stress is the defining part of restaurant life. For me, the most rewarding part is building teams and creating memorable experiences for guests.” —AD

“By the nature of it being a TV show, it seemed like things were breaking every second and the stakes were always through the roof. As someone who has been in the industry for decades now, things run a whole lot smoother… usually.” —JM

What did the show get right about Chicago?

“People here really care about each other. There are dozens of collaborations, pop-ups, and similar events happening every day. We love working together and know how to take care of each other. Furthermore, it’s [extremely] expensive to open a restaurant.” —JM

What do you think The Bear’s legacy will be?

“There were so many awful films and shows trying to show a kitchen, and having worked in a kitchen, I would watch these shows and pick them apart the way a nurse watching The Pitt would. With The Bear, I loved seeing when they got it right, and it was so exciting to me knowing that it was on primetime and that it won Golden Globes. It was the craziest ride. I’m really glad that it happened, and I’m really excited to see what happens in the future for the representation of authentic restaurant insanity. We will get a lot more in this genre.” —IK

“While many industry colleagues found the show triggering, I think its cultural breakthrough has been eye-opening for those outside the industry. People often approach me now saying they never realised how difficult the work is. I’m glad it has given the general public more perspective on what we do.” —MM

These responses have been edited and condensed.

Source link

American Egg Board Names Cory Sexson VP of Global Business Development

0
American Egg Board Names Cory Sexson VP of Global Business Development

Cory Sexson has joined the American Egg Board (AEB) as vice president of global business development, where he leads innovation, business development, and international market expansion initiatives designed to create new demand for US eggs across multiple formats.

As part of AEB’s Demand Creation team, Sexson is responsible for identifying and commercialising growth opportunities in both domestic and international markets. His work includes advancing the Eggcelerator Lab — AEB’s proprietary industry innovation engine — building strategic partnerships with foodservice, retail, and CPG companies, and expanding opportunities for US egg exports in key global markets.

In his role, Sexson oversees the development of go-to-market strategies for emerging egg-based innovations, collaborates with customers on joint growth initiatives, strengthens senior-level industry partnerships, and helps deliver insights, tools, and resources that support demand growth across the egg value chain.

Sexson brings more than 17 years of leadership experience spanning consumer packaged goods, foodservice, healthcare, and food and beverage innovation.

Prior to joining AEB, he held leadership positions with Kraft Heinz, PepsiCo, Tropicana Brands Group, & Tyson Foods. Most recently, he served as vice president and general manager of beverages at Kraft Heinz, where he led brand, innovation, and commercial strategy for the company’s +$2 billion beverage portfolio.

His background includes leading high-performing teams, managing large-scale business portfolios, building innovation pipelines and launching new products for major food and beverage brands. At PepsiCo, he led the development of a $350 million innovation pipeline for the Juice+ business. At Tyson Foods, he held brand and innovation roles across poultry, breakfast sausage and prepared protein portfolios.

“Cory brings the right mix of innovation leadership, customer focus and commercial discipline to help AEB create new demand for eggs and egg products,” Emily Metz, president and CEO of the American Egg Board, said in a statement. “His experience building growth strategies for leading food and beverage brands will help us strengthen partnerships, bring new ideas to market and create more opportunities for America’s egg farmers.”

Sexson earned an MBA in Marketing Management from Northwestern University’s Kellogg School of Management and a bachelor’s degree in Advertising and Public Relations from Hastings College. In 2022, he was recognised by Brand Innovators as a 40 Under 40 honouree.

Source link

The Manchester United striker made the move amid shock interest in Benjamin Sesko.

0

Man Utd have dismissed reports linking Barcelona with a move to sign their Slovenian striker Benjamin Šeško.

Benjamin Cisco’s first season at Old Trafford has been brilliant.

Everything you need to know about the Manchester United striker’s plans after reports linked him with Barcelona’s Benjamin Cesc…

  1. Reports in Spain have suggested that Barcelona have put Cesco on their shortlist this summer as they consider how to replace Robert Lewandowski.
  2. Julian Alvarez is their top target, but he has yet to agree a deal with Atletico Madrid and could be forced to look elsewhere, with Cisco reportedly an option.
  3. But United officials laughed off the suggestions and insisted Cisco was not going anywhere. He only joined the club from RB Leipzig last summer for £73 million.
  4. The 23-year-old scored 11 Premier League goals in his first season at Old Trafford and is ready for a more prominent role. In his second campaign at the club, he is ready for a more prominent role.
  5. United also have an uneasy relationship with Barcelona after they refused to pay the £26 million option to sign Marcus Rashford while suggesting they would be interested in a cut-price deal.
  6. The Old Trafford figure has no intention of re-entering talks with the Catalans over Rashford and is not interested in listening to offers for Sesko.
  7. In fact, there is a desire to advance this summer. United want an experienced striker who can help share the load with Cisco and provide a rotation option.
  8. It still depends on Joshua Zarkezi’s future. The Netherlands forward joined from Bologna for £36.5 million two years ago but has struggled to make an impact at the club.
  9. Zerkezi is keen to fight for his place at Old Trafford, but United will listen to offers for him during the summer transfer window.
  10. Read more: Man United transfer news live: Fernandes twist, Chomeini’s stance

Source link

 

Today’s Best Proverb: Russian Wisdom “Not all cooks carry long knives” teaches us reality vs pretence and encourages critical thinking

0
Today’s Russian proverb teaches us to distinguish between fake and real. Everyone knows the old saying that not everything that glitters is gold.
In this age of posturing where everyone is busy presenting a different reality on social media for virality, we often need to be reminded of these old words that can bring us back to ground reality.
The proverb “Not all cooks carry long knives” appears in collections of Russian folk proverbs translated into English during the 19th century, but its exact origin is difficult to trace. Like many traditional Russian proverbs, it came from oral folklore rather than from any known author or literary work.

Russian proverbs compiled Vladimir Dal

This saying probably originated in rural Russia, where people easily identified businesses by their equipment. A cook often carried large knives, just as a blacksmith carried hammers or a carpenter carried chisels.

Over time, people saw that having the tools of a trade did not mean having the skills. This practical observation developed into a cosmic expression.

This proverb appears in major collections of Russian proverbs compiled by the famous Russian lexicographer and folklorist Vladimir Dal.

His monumental work, Proverbs of the Russian People, published in the middle of the 19th century, preserved thousands of folk proverbs collected from across the Russian Empire.

However, the team was recording proverbs that were already widely known among the common people. Therefore, this saying almost certainly predates his collection by several generations.

Warning against judging people by appearance

The Russian proverb “Not all cooks carry long knives” is a warning against judging people based on appearances, equipment, titles, or external signs of expertise.

Merely carrying the tools of a profession does not make one a professional. A long knife may be associated with a chef, but not everyone who owns a knife knows how to prepare food.

This proverb reminds us that substance matters more than symbols and that merit cannot be judged by appearance alone. At first, this saying may seem ridiculous.

One can imagine a man wandering around a village with an impressive knife hanging from his belt, eager to be mistaken for a master chef. Yet beneath the humour, there lies a serious observation about human nature.

Throughout history, people have often confused appearance with ability. Uniforms, expensive equipment, prestigious titles, and confident behaviour can create an illusion of competence. This proverb challenges us to look deeper.

List of English equivalents

  • All that glitters is not gold
  • Good feathers don’t make good birds
  • A hood doesn’t make you a saint
  • Clothes don’t make the man

The wisdom of proverbs is relevant because humans are naturally influenced by what they are shown. We often assume that a person dressing like a doctor must be knowledgeable about medicine, that a person carrying a camera must be a skilled photographer, or that a person speaking confidently must know what they’re talking about.

Although such assumptions are sometimes correct, they can also be dangerously misleading. The Russian proverb reminds us that possession of the symbols of a trade does not guarantee mastery of that trade.

Difference between appearance and practice

This proverb also highlights the difference between appearance and behaviour. A true chef is recognised not by the knives he has but by the food he prepares.

Their skills are demonstrated through years of learning, mistakes and experience. He understands ingredients, technique, timing and taste. A knife is just a tool. Without knowledge and practice, tools mean little.

This lesson applies to almost every profession. Having an expensive guitar does not make one a musician. Buying running shoes does not make one an athlete.

Having access to sophisticated software does not make one a programmer. In each case, the visuals may suggest expertise, but real expertise comes from dedication, discipline, and experience.

This proverb also warns against self-deception. Sometimes people start to believe that possessing the symbols of success is equivalent to achieving success.

A student can buy a stack of books and imagine that the learning has already begun. An aspiring writer may focus on acquiring notebooks, software, and office equipment while neglecting the actual act of writing. A person may be more interested in appearing successful than in becoming successful. The Russian proverb gently ridicules this trend.

a lesson on humility

Furthermore, this saying encourages humility. Real experts often understand how much they still have to learn. They are usually less concerned with displaying their tools and more concerned with honing their craft. A master chef rarely needs to advertise his knives.

Their reputation rests on the quality of their food. Similarly, true scholars are known for their knowledge, true athletes for their performance and true leaders for their actions.

Another interesting aspect of this saying is the emphasis on results rather than claims. In many areas of life, people can make impressive declarations about their abilities.

They may describe themselves as experts, innovators, visionaries or specialists. Yet words alone are insufficient. The adage asks a simple question: can they really do the job? A cook must cook. A carpenter will have to build. A teacher must teach. Performance is the final test.

encourages critical thinking

This saying also refers to how we evaluate others. It encourages critical thinking and careful decisions. We should look for evidence of skill and character rather than let ourselves be dazzled by appearances. When hiring employees, selecting leaders, selecting mentors, or forming friendships, it is wise to look beyond superficial indicators.

The person who looks the best may not be the best at what they do. Occasionally the truly skilled person is the calm one who lets the results speak for themselves. “Not All Chefs Carry Long Knives” teaches that authenticity matters more than appearance. Equipment, titles, uniforms and confident demeanour can all create impact, but they can’t take the place of real knowledge and skills.

A knife does not make a chef, any more than a crown makes a king or a diploma makes a scholar. What matters is the ability to complete the task, face the challenge and deliver results.

This proverb invites us to be wise observers of the world and honest judges of ourselves. Instead of focusing on the appearance of ability, we should strive for the ability itself. A long knife may attract attention, but only the food proves the chef. This simple insight explains why this old Russian proverb continues to resonate centuries after it was first uttered.

Source link

How long will the earth remain ‘green’? The new scientific model finally has a definitive answer.

0

When most people imagine the end of life on Earth, the scene usually resembles some cosmic disaster Hollywood movie: our sun turning into a big, fat red giant and swallowing up all the inner planets! Very dramatic, yes.

But if you look far enough ahead, that fiery end isn’t the first thing to end life on Earth. For a long time, scientists thought that plants would disappear rapidly, becoming extinct as the planet became less and less welcoming. Turns out, the story may not be that serious. However, a recent study is convincing us of that dire ending.

What does science say about the existence of plants on this planet?

The study, published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres and written by Jacob Haq-Mishra and Eric Wolf of Blue Marble Space, paints a bright future for Earth’s green life, thanks to some serious number crunching (and some high-powered computers, of course).

Using new climate and biosphere models, researchers believe plants could survive for 1.8 to 2 billion years, much longer than previously predicted. This means that forests and grasslands, and all the other photosynthetic wonders, may continue for millions of years longer than we thought, forcing scientists to rethink how and when Earth’s chapter of life will actually end.

In other words, vegetarians (or, really, anyone else) have no need to worry about running out of salad anytime soon. Plants have time – just not an endless amount of it. Ultimately, the sun decides.

Its energy output, or luminosity, increases by about 10% every billion years, constantly raising the thermostat on our planet. This process is slow but continuous, and it will continue for ages to come.

What about global warming and the greenhouse effect?

After sunlight, greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO₂), have the greatest impact on Earth’s surface temperature. However, the future of CO₂ is unclear, and it may matter how long the plants hang on to it. For those unaware, CO₂ does not stay in the air forever. The planet has a mechanism for expelling it: silicate weathering.

This is a slow reaction where rocks, rain and CO₂ are transformed into new chemicals, eventually making their way into the oceans and settling as calcium carbonate.

Thanks to volcanoes, this carbon eventually comes back up. Currently, silicate weathering removes about 130 million tonnes of carbon from the atmosphere annually. Unfortunately, humans are extracting about ninety times that amount of water every year. The study raised the question: How much time do plants really have?

The researchers ran detailed climate and CO₂ models, testing how things worked under strong versus weak silicate weathering. He also divided plants into three main types, classified based on the way they photosynthesise: C3 plants, C4 plants, and CAM plants.

C3 plants constitute about 95% of the species, C4 about 3%, and CAM makes up the last 2%. Each group has its own CO₂ “starvation threshold.” Below about 50 parts per million CO₂, C₃ plants are phased out.

C4 plants make it up to about 10 ppm, and CAM plants can make even less. So, the key question is: how fast do CO₂ levels fall as the planet warms and the climate changes?

What about the possible consequences?

Let’s look at two main scenarios here: Weak Silicate Weathering: Here, as the sun shines and the earth warms, the weather doesn’t do much to reduce atmospheric CO₂.

. Instead, CO₂ levels remain about the same as today, allowing plant life to last longer and longer. Surface habitability lasts for perhaps 1.5 billion years, then gradually declines until you’re down to microbes surviving the last summer. Strong silicate weathering: Consider the opposite extreme.

The planet’s surface temperature remains the same as today’s, but intense weather continues to strip CO₂ from the air. This ultimately reduces greenhouse warming so much that the Earth becomes too cool for complex plants long before extreme heat arrives.

For the study, Haq-Mishra and Wolf used a state-of-the-art 3D climate model (Exo-CAM) to take all these factors into account. Their decision? Plants can keep it up for at least another 1.35 to 1.86 billion years, depending on what “weathered” world we get.

Life on this planet is hard; in fact, it’s even harder than most people thought. But as the sun rises, as long as CO₂ sticks around, plants can find ways to adapt. However, ultimately, nothing fools physics forever.

When ocean water boils and CO₂ disappears, plants also disappear. Then it’s just the microbes hanging around. And who knows? Maybe by then, some life (Earth or something else) will find its way to the stars. Or at least apply enough sunscreen to last a while.

Source link

US approval sought in talks with state oil company PDVSA

0
Why ONGC is eyeing two Venezuelan oil fields; US approval sought in talks with state oil company PDVSA
Any acquisition would depend on ONGC obtaining a licence from US authorities allowing it to operate the two fields. (AI image)

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) is reportedly in discussions with Venezuelan state-owned oil producer PDVSA to buy a part or all of its stake in two oil fields located in the South American country.

PDVSA’s operational capabilities have also weakened significantly.

Venezuela’s oil industry has seen a long-term decline due to a combination of low oil prices, economic mismanagement, and US sanctions. During this period, PDVSA’s operational capabilities have also weakened significantly.

Following the imposition of US surveillance on Venezuela’s oil sector and subsequent easing of sanctions, Venezuelan crude oil has rapidly returned to international markets, and India has emerged as one of its major buyers.

Through its overseas subsidiary, ONGC Videsh, the Indian company currently holds a 40% participating stake in the San Cristobal oilfield, while PDVSA holds the remaining stake. ONGC Videsh holds an 11% stake in the Carabobo-1 project, while Indian Oil and Oil India hold 3.5% each.

Spain-based Repsol holds an 11% stake, while PDVSA controls the remaining 71%. People familiar with the discussions told ET that any acquisition would depend on ONGC obtaining a licence from US authorities allowing it to operate the two fields. Since the detention of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro in January, the United States has maintained effective surveillance of Venezuela’s oil industry. As a result, foreign companies are required to obtain U.S.

approval before they can operate oil fields or handle crude oil sales and related revenues. Sources indicate that ONGC is currently negotiating with the US Treasury Department to secure the required permissions. Several global energy companies, including Chevron, BP, Shell and Repsol, have already been granted similar licenses, allowing them to operate in Venezuela. T

The company wants to become the sole operator of the San Cristobal field and share operational control of Carabobo-1 with Repsol, the report said. ONGC has previously indicated its readiness to make significant investments in both assets but has consistently sought greater authority over operational decisions and financial management.

Subject to securing the necessary US licenses, acquiring PDVSA’s stake will help the company achieve those objectives. Both the San Cristóbal and Carabobo oil fields have experienced significant declines in production, reflecting the broader decline of Venezuela’s oil sector.

Current production levels from both assets could not be independently confirmed. In 2024, ONGC approached US authorities for sanctions-related clearance that would allow it to operate the fields. Rajarshi Gupta, managing director of ONGC Videsh, said in August 2024 that at that time, Venezuela had agreed in principle to transfer operational control of the assets to ONGC, although no formal agreement had been signed.

Gupta had said that once ONGC took over operations, production from both fields could increase from the current level of 12,000-15,000 barrels per day to around 30,000 barrels per day within a year.

He also indicated that production could increase to 45,000-50,000 barrels per day in the coming years. Such an increase would also aid efforts to recover more than $500 million in dividend payments that have been pending for several years. Earlier, in 2017, PDVSA had proposed to sell an additional 9% stake in the San Cristobal field to ONGC.

The Indian company decided not to proceed with the purchase, preferring the recovery of dividend dues from the project before considering any increase in ownership.

Source link

Scotland face the World Cup waiting game after ending Brazil’s knockout hopes.

0

Brazil booked their place in the knockout stages of the World Cup with an emphatic 3-0 win over Scotland on Wednesday, as Vinicius Junior netted twice and Neymar made his first appearance in a Brazil shirt in nearly three years.

Vinicius’ double helped Carlo Ancelotti’s side top Group C with seven points at a packed Miami Stadium, while 64,478 fans witnessed the emotional return of Brazil’s hard-working son Neymar, who has not worn the famous yellow jersey since October 2023. Vinicius has scored 2-5 goals in every game so far. Going into the tournament to find himself in elite company, level with Kylian Mbappé and Erling Haaland while one goal behind Lionel Messi.

“We played well; it was like the match against Haiti (a 3-0 win). It was more of a ‘complete performance and we’re happy,’ Ancelotti said. “Now comes the best part… there were a lot of positives; we didn’t concede a goal. The introduction of Neymar is important and he can help us a lot.”

Scotland boss Steve Clarke predicted Brazil would attack.

Scotland boss Steve Clarke predicted Brazil would attack from the start and the South Americans needed seven minutes to prove him right and go 1-0 up when Scott McKenna failed to clear the ball, allowing Ryan to nick it and find Vinicius unmarked.

As goalkeeper Angus Gunn scrambled to stop him, the Real Madrid forward took just one touch to head the ball past him and tap it into the empty net, sending yellow fans into a frenzy. Brazil almost made it 2-0 before the first hydration break when Vinicius picked out Jack Hendrie’s through ball to score, but Scotland got a reprieve after a VAR check and the goal was overturned due to a foul by the Brazilian.

Scotland’s Scott McTominay (left), Lewis Ferguson and Ryan Christie (top centre) react to defeat (P.A.).
Brazil's Neymar Jr. and Vinicius Jr. celebrate.
Brazil’s Neymar Jr. and Vinicius Jr. celebrate. (Getty)

That was the theme in the first half, with Brazil more combative while Scotland failed to capitalise on set pieces as they finished the half without a goal on target. Brazil turned the knife on the stroke of half-time, winning the ball high up the pitch before Bruno Gomaris reached the far post, where a grateful Vinicius scored his second.

The two-goal cushion opened up the Brazilian’s full repertoire of moves as he cut through Scotland’s midfield with flicks and one-touch passes that led to a relieved Clarke at the half-time whistle.

Brazil pressed for a third goal and it came with another scintillating move through midfield as Guámares danced into the box to grab his second assist before setting up Matthías Cunha for his third goal of the tournament.

“It’s a dream come true. The first match was tough, the second one was better, and now it’s even better,” Cunha said. “I believe we are improving and we are doing our best to achieve our goal – to win our sixth title.”

Matheus Cunha celebrates after beating Brazil 3-0
Matheus Cunha celebrates after beating Brazil 3-0 (Reuters)
Clarke and his Scotland side face a wait to see if they make it through to the knockout rounds.

Clarke and his Scotland side face a wait to see if they make it through to the knockout rounds. 

Scotland finally tested Alisson for the first time in the 64th minute when the goalkeeper blocked a header but the Tartan Army’s roar of approval was quickly drowned out by the Brazilian fans singing in unison. But the biggest joy of the night was reserved for Neymar as Ancelotti brought on the 34-year-old who wanted to match up with Vinicius, who created three chances in 13 minutes.

Scotland’s attacking efforts remained toothless and Alisson remained a rock in goal, denying one last chance in the closing minutes as Brazil kept a clean sheet. “We gave them the goals; we gave them the game we wanted. We’re disappointed,” Clarke said.

The result leaves Scotland waiting to see if they can qualify as one of the best teams to finish third with three points but a damaging goal difference of minus three.

Source link

East African Highland banana swallow made from matoke, a green fruit similar to plantain.

0
East African Highland banana swallow made from matoke, a green fruit similar to plantain.

A dumpling-like dough made from a cooked starch and meant to accompany soups and stews, swallows are a full category of food in our recipe index.

Known generally to the Yorùbá-speaking people of South West Nigeria as ‘òkèlè’, to the Igbo-speaking people in the South East as ‘ụtara’ and to the Fulani and Hausa people of the Sahel and savanna regions of the North as ‘tuwo’ or ‘nyiir’, they get their English name (swallows) for their ability to be eaten without the need to chew. If you’ve ever moulded a starch with your fingers and then used it to scoop a flavoured broth or sauce directly into your mouth, you understand the modest role of a swallow.

I love considering the powerful interplay between dishes. Light broth, thickened stew, hearty porridge, sinewy draw soup or pepper sauce – all are opportunities to hover my whole face over, to intimately understand the dish’s qualities with all my senses. These are the comforting kinds of meals I make most often at home. Whether I’m trying to master a novel soup that I’ve experienced on a recent outing or conjure a stew straight out of dreams from my Nigerian childhood, I’m always thinking about which kind of swallow will be its brilliant sidekick.

Learning to make stews will invite you into a world of starches and redefine your relationship with your favourite dishes. It’s a topic I’ve covered before, but I’ve found myself wanting to say more. There’s so much to say about swallows.

The list below is by no means comprehensive. I would have loved to have gone deeper into others, like the East African Highland banana swallow, made from matoke, a green fruit similar to plantain. There’s also Ghana’s firm kenkey, made from fermented maize, and the dainty omo tuo (tuwo), from cooked rice. And don’t forget about bespoke banku, a mix of cassava and maize. Some styles cross many parts of Africa, such as amala, made from a dried, fermented plantain or yam flour, and semolina, made from durum wheat.

Two bags filled with white granules alongside a halved yam.
Ingredients to make stews, from top to bottom: ugali, fresh yam and garri. Credit…Kelly Marshall for The New York Times. Food Stylist: Roscoe Betsill. Prop Stylist: Paige Hicks.

Ingredient availability defines the styles, and, in essence, any available starch is an opportunity. Swallows contain myriad possibilities, and that’s what should keep you coming back. With an understanding of a few key techniques, you can broaden your relationship to the starches that sustain you.

Traditionally, making stews is a multistep process of simmering a starch in a pot until it softens.

A large mortar and pestle is then used to crush and pound the tender pieces into a dough. While still hot, the dough is kneaded against the side of the mortar until it’s rich, smooth and elastic.

My preparation has you instead make a slurry and then cook it while stirring to avoid any lumpy pockets. It thickens into a soft dough, which is repeatedly folded and kneaded against the side of the pot over heat. In both cases, after a bit of an arm workout, the starches relax and take on a gluten-like, stretchy texture in a process that is quite magical to behold.

I’m learning to cook, eat and exist with significant changes in my abilities, including the loss of digits on both hands. The classic technique of pinching and rolling a small bit of swallow in between my index finger, middle finger and thumb is a distant desire. But my prosthetic hands are a point of pride, an enabler of sorts. Meals have become a time for discovery, as I find myself wielding a fork or spoon to eat my swallow. We should each bring the swallow to our lips, however we’re able. It will nourish us all the same.


An overhead image of the yam swallow dough in a Dutch oven being stirred.
At first, the swallows will resemble a thick, chalky-looking dough. Credit…Kelly Marshall for The New York Times. Food Stylist: Roscoe Betsill. Prop Stylist: Paige Hicks.
An oval-shaped dough on a reddish plate.
The dough transforms into something glossy and stretchy after minutes of folding. Credit…Kelly Marshall for The New York Times. Food Stylist: Roscoe Betsill. Prop Stylist: Paige Hicks.

A staple crop across the Caribbean, West and Central Africa and South America, the West African yam, not to be confused with a sweet potato, grows underground as a magnificently large tuber. It goes by many regional names: ‘ìyán’ in the Yoruba-speaking part of Nigeria, ‘igname pilée’ in Benin, ‘yam fufu’ in Ghana and ‘foutou’ in Ivory Coast, to name a few.

The process of making it can be exhilarating and exhausting. It never fails to surprise me how the crumbly-looking starch is transformed into something glossy and stretchy after minutes of repeated folding. As a yam swallow, iyán shares the name of its main ingredient. As dense as it is, it provides nourishment and sustenance throughout the day.

This recipe is for anyone who truly enjoys the subtle and mild taste that only fresh yam can provide.

It skips a few steps for convenience: The peeled yam is puréed in a blender and then cooked into a stiff, pliable dough.

PAIR IT WITH vegetable-rich stews like èfọ́ rírò or ègúsí or a saucy braised meat for a deeply satisfying meal — comfort in a bowl.


The ugali dough as it comes together.
When making ugali, don’t use yellow cornmeal. Credit…Kelly Marshall for The New York Times. Food Stylist: Roscoe Betsill. Prop Stylist: Paige Hicks.
A white doughy round on a green plate.
Masarepa can be an adequate substitute for the mahindi flour often used. Credit…Kelly Marshall for The New York Times. Food Stylist: Roscoe Betsill. Prop Stylist: Paige Hicks.

Flours milled from grains or any starch can be the basis for savouries, with each imparting a particular flavour and texture. Grains such as maize, millet and sorghum, and tubers such as yams, cassava and potatoes all star in different stews across Africa. Across East Africa, a swallow, like this one, made from milled white maize flour (called mahindi flour), goes by different names: ugali, posho, nsima and sadza.

Although you may be tempted to use a yellow cornmeal, you may not get the same results. The white cornmeal is starchy and lends itself well to vigorous folding.

PAIR IT WITH Any vegetable soup, such as light soup, the spinach-rich cagaar, the coconut-laden kuku paka or any grilled beef kebabs.


The yellow garri dough in a Dutch oven.
Although most swallows are served unseasoned, this recipe has been enriched with a bit of red palm oil for a mild, floral taste. Credit…Kelly Marshall for The New York Times. Food Stylist: Roscoe Betsill. Prop Stylist: Paige Hicks.
A yellow swallow on a white plate.
This garri swallow is shaped in plastic wrap to form an indented ball. Credit…Photograph by Kelly Marshall for The New York Times. Food Stylist: Roscoe Betsill. Prop Stylist: Paige Hicks.

Cassava shows up in different dishes and in many forms — grated, crushed, fermented and dried — across Africa. It’s also found as a flour, known as ‘garri’ or ‘gari’ across West and Central Africa and ‘farofa’ in Brazil. Cassava stews have a woodsy depth and can range from mild to sour, depending on how lengthy the fermentation process has been.

When garri is made into a swallow, it is known as eba or generally as fufu in the diaspora. The garri swallow recipe here is lightly seasoned with a bit of red palm oil, giving it a notably bright colour and a floral flavour.

Pair it with eru, okra soup with shrimp and greens or ègúsí soup, and top with ọbẹ̀ onírù or any braised meat.

Source link

Did wolves really save Yellowstone? New research challenges one of conservation’s greatest success stories.

0

In 1995, a conservation experiment at Yellowstone National Park became the centre of worldwide celebration. Fourteen grey wolves were reintroduced after an absence of nearly 70 years, with many ecologists crediting their return for remarkable ecological improvements.

The story became a textbook example of a “trophic cascade” in which predators reshape entire ecosystems by indirectly controlling herbivore populations.

Yet three decades later, the science is proving to be more nuanced than the popular narrative. While some researchers dispute the extent to which wolves have affected Yellowstone’s recovery, an ongoing debate focuses on how much of the change can be attributed to wolves alone.

New studies suggest that bears, cougars, human hunting, climate variability, and changing herbivore populations may also have played an important role in reshaping the park’s landscape and wildlife communities.

How 14 wolves transformed Yellowstone and sparked a global conservation success story

When grey wolves disappeared from Yellowstone in the early twentieth century, the elk population expanded across much of the park. Researchers observed heavy browsing pressure, especially on young willow, aspen and cottonwood trees along rivers and streams. Following the reintroduction of wolves in 1995 and 1996, ecologists documented a decline in elk numbers and changes in elk behaviour, as well as the recovery of important plant communities.

A landmark review published in Biological Conservation concluded that the return of wolves had allowed scientists to observe “tri-trophic cascades involving wolves, elk, and plant species such as aspen, cottonwood, and willow.” Researchers found evidence of reduced browsing and vegetation recovery of young trees in parts of northern Yellowstone. Wildlife biologist Douglas Smith of the Yellowstone Wolf Project described the process as follows:

It’s like kicking a pebble on a mountain slope where the conditions were just right such that a falling pebble could trigger an avalanche of change.” Later studies also linked wolf recovery to increases in beaver colonies, improvements in habitat complexity, and broader ecological benefits for birds, fish, and scavengers.

New research challenges the well-known Yellowstone trophic cascade narrative

Although the story of the Yellowstone wolf has become one of the most cited examples of conservation, many ecologists have recently questioned whether wolves were solely responsible for the observed changes. A growing body of research argues that ecosystem recovery is due to the combined effects of multiple predators and environmental factors, not just a simple wolf-to-elk-to-vegetation chain reaction.

A recent study, ‘Flawed analysis invalidates claim of a strong Yellowstone trophic cascade after wolf reintroduction’, examined decades of data on wolves, elk, and aspen communities. The researchers concluded that reductions in elk density, rather than fear-induced behavioural changes alone, primarily drove the indirect effects.

The study also highlighted the importance of other predators, including cougars and grizzly bears, in affecting elk populations. Wildlife ecologist Daniel McNulty argued that “A big problem with the simple trophic cascade story is that it ignores the role of these other predators.”

Other scientists have also cautioned against portraying Yellowstone as a straightforward ecological success story, noting that climatic conditions, drought patterns, bison expansion, and human management decisions have affected vegetation recovery throughout the park.

What do scientists agree on today? Yellowstone wolves and ecosystem recovery

Despite disagreement over the magnitude of impact, broad scientific consensus remains that wolves have contributed significantly to Yellowstone’s ecological changes. Recent research continues to provide evidence of recovery of willows, aspens, and associated wildlife populations following the reintroduction of wolves. Another study investigated ‘Predominance of density-mediated indirect effects in communities of wolves, elk, and aspen.’

There is also strong evidence that wolf recovery reduced browsing pressure and promoted willow growth throughout northern Yellowstone. Similarly, researchers defending the trophic cascade hypothesis stated in a 2024 commentary: ”

After the reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park in 1995–96, recruitment of aspen plants increased due to reduced browsing by elk.” The emerging scientific view is not that the original Yellowstone story was entirely wrong, but that it was incomplete.

Wolves appear to be an important part of a much larger ecological puzzle that involves many predators, herbivores, and environmental forces. Rather than demonstrating how a single species can instantly repair an ecosystem, Yellowstone increasingly shows how ecological recovery emerges from complex interactions spanning decades.

Source link

Scientists finally solved how H5N1 bird flu hid in dairy cows

0
Scientists finally solved how H5N1 bird flu hid in dairy cows

When H5N1 bird flu began infecting U.S. dairy cattle in early 2024,

Veterinarians struggled to identify the cause. The virus was difficult to recognise because it behaved very differently in cows than it does in other mammals. Rather than primarily infecting the lungs, H5N1 caused severe infections in the udders while leaving the respiratory system largely unaffected.

Now, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health have uncovered the biological reason behind this unusual pattern. Their findings, published in Science Advances, provide the first detailed explanation for why bird flu took such an unexpected form in cattle. The work could also help scientists better anticipate how H5N1 might behave if it spreads to new animal species in the future.

Bird Flu’s Unusual Appearance in Dairy Herds

The outbreak first emerged in dairy cattle in the Texas Panhandle, where animals developed severe cases of necrotising mastitis, a painful inflammatory disease that damages tissue in the mammary glands.

“Mastitis is a classic disease in milk-production animals, and veterinarians were dutifully looking to all the usual suspects for the source, like bacterial pathogens,” said senior author Suresh Kuchipudi, Ph.D., chair of infectious diseases and microbiology at Pitt Public Health. “When the real culprit turned out to be bird flu, everyone in the field was caught completely by surprise. We hadn’t even remotely considered that cattle could be a host for H5N1.”

Before the virus was identified, it spread from herd to herd, infecting cattle and contaminating their surroundings.

“If a cow is infected, it sheds a lot of virus into the milk,” said Kuchipudi. “This raised concerns about occupational risk for farm workers. Also, there is a habit of feeding raw milk to domestic pets, like cats, and there have been instances of cats dying, which we studied previously.”

Kuchipudi emphasised that pasteurisation effectively destroys the virus, highlighting the importance of avoiding raw milk.

Searching for the Biological Explanation

Throughout his career, Kuchipudi has studied influenza viruses, focusing on how receptor biology influences which species and tissues can be infected. Influenza viruses attach to specific receptors on cells in a lock-and-key fashion. These receptors belong to a group of sugar-based molecules known as glycans.

Earlier studies from other research groups suggested that flu-related glycan receptors were present in the noses, tracheas, and lungs of cattle. Yet cows infected with H5N1 were not developing the respiratory disease researchers expected.

That discrepancy suggested that a more detailed explanation was needed.

“Glycan biology is very complex,” said Kuchipudi. “We realised that, to understand what was really going on, we would need to use more innovative technologies and map out the fine-detailed architecture that enables the virus to bind to cells.”

To do that, Kuchipudi partnered with Harvard Medical School researcher Lauren E. Pepi, Ph.D., whose expertise is in glycomics, the comprehensive study of glycan structures.

Why H5N1 Targets Cow Udders

The research team combined multiple techniques, including binding experiments, staining approaches, and ultra-high-resolution imaging, to examine how H5N1 interacts with different tissues.

Their analysis showed that not all glycan receptors function the same way when it comes to bird flu infection. The virus was able to bind only to a specific subtype known as N-linked sialic acid receptors.

These receptors were found throughout the udder tissue of cattle but were nearly absent in airway tissue. According to Kuchipudi, this made the mammary glands a “perfect breeding ground for the virus”.

The discovery helps explain why H5N1 caused severe mastitis rather than respiratory illness in dairy cattle.

Predicting Bird Flu’s Next Move

The researchers believe their findings could do more than explain the cattle outbreak. The same approach may help scientists identify which animals and tissues are vulnerable to H5N1 before future outbreaks occur.

“We can preemptively screen different species and different tissues within them for susceptibility,” said Kuchipudi. “For example, would they exhibit respiratory symptoms? Would they show only mastitis, as in cows? Or would they show neurological disease, as our team has shown in cats? The lessons learned could potentially help prevent us from being caught by surprise again.”

Other authors on the study were Surabhi Srinivas, M.S.; Shubhada K. Chothe, Ph.D.; Santhamani Ramasamy, Ph.D.; Sougat Misra, Ph.D.; Noel Chandan Nallipogu, M.D., MPH; and Lindsey LaBella, all of Pitt; Yin-Ting Yeh, Ph.D., of Pennsylvania State University; May Wang, B.S., of Harvard University; and Heidi L. Pecoraro, Ph.D., and Brett T. Webb, Ph.D., of North Dakota State University.

This research was supported by Pitt Public Health and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture (FP00039373/AWD00010780).

Source link