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James Clerk Maxwell’s Quote of the Day:

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Today's Quote by James Clerk Maxwell: "Completely conscious ignorance is the prelude to every real advance in science."
James Clerk Maxwell (Image: Wikipedia)

In 1928, a Scottish farmer named Hugh Fleming noticed something unusual in his laboratory.

A dish containing bacteria became contaminated with mould. Normally, such an event would have been a reason to throw it away and start again. Instead, he stopped and looked more closely.

The scientist, known to history as Alexander Fleming, realised that the fungus was killing the bacteria around it.

That observation ultimately led to the discovery of penicillin, one of the most important medical breakthroughs of the twentieth century. Such stories appear in the history of science.

They often start from the same place: uncertainty. No certainty. No expertise. No confidence. Uncertainty. Someone notices something that doesn’t make sense. A question appears.

An accepted explanation suddenly feels incomplete. More than a century before modern antibiotics, the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell expressed that idea in one sentence.

His words remain influential because they challenge the notion that many people have had since childhood, namely that intelligence always means having the answer. Maxwell saw things differently. He believed that progress begins when people become aware of what they do not know.

Quote of the Day by James Clerk Maxwell

 

“Completely conscious ignorance is the prelude to every real progress in science.”

This quote seems almost contradictory. How can ignorance lead to progress? Maxwell was not talking about refusing to learn or rejecting knowledge. He was talking about recognising the limits of our knowledge.

Scientists rarely wake up in the morning and discover something new because they feel certain. Often, they are faced with a puzzle that existing knowledge cannot explain.

That difference becomes the starting point. This quote is actually an argument for intellectual honesty. This shows that people move forward when they stop pretending that every mystery is already solved.

What does “complete conscious ignorance” mean?

A few years ago, an astronaut was asked what surprised him most about seeing Earth from space. His answer was not about technology or engineering. It was about perspective.

From hundreds of kilometres above the planet, many notions suddenly seem small. The questions became bigger. The unknown also felt big. This response appears again and again in people who spend their lives exploring complex topics.

The deeper they go, the more they realise how much is beyond their understanding. This is what Maxwell was describing. A student starting a physics course may think that the subject is a collection of formulas and facts.

A professional physicist often sees something different. Behind every answer there is another question hidden. What is dark matter? What Happened Before the Big Bang?

Are there any limits to what humans can know? Science continues as mysteries remain. The same pattern is visible outside laboratories. A business owner entering a new market quickly finds that there is more to learn than expected. Parents raising a child for the first time realise that no book has all the answers. A journalist investigating a story often starts out with little more than a question and a notebook.

The willingness to accept uncertainty becomes an advantage rather than a weakness. This is the heart of Maxwell’s message. People learn little from subjects they believe they have already mastered.

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One win away from glory, Knicks fans don’t want to miss this moment – or waste it

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For 53 years, Knicks fans have endured heartbreak, bad luck, and countless “maybe next years.” Now, with New York one game away from its first NBA championship, many fans would rather not take any risks.

They are performing rituals, avoiding live broadcasts and anxiously waiting for the results to go in their favour. New York City is decked out in orange and blue, and fans have a single mission: bringing the NBA Finals trophy back home.

On the Saturday morning before Game 5, fans flocked to a specially painted subway exit, a communal sign of the entire city ready for the Knicks to win.

While fans hope the celebrations begin Saturday night, they know the series isn’t over.

Trishna Sharma of Long Island has been a lifelong Knicks fan. Since the playoffs, she has been performing a special Hindu ritual to ward off the “evil eye”, which her mother performed before her marriage.

Using salt, mustard seeds and a photograph of the team, Sharma holds the ingredients in her hand and rotates her fist seven times clockwise around the image to invite positive energy. A similar ritual can be performed by rotating the hand in an anti-clockwise direction to remove negative energy, he said.

At the end of the ritual, the contents should be burnt to get rid of negative energy. Sharma won’t be doing the burnings from the bar where she’ll be watching the next game, but she plans to sacrifice them somehow.

“I will have enough [ingredients]. If I need to perform another ritual during the intermission, I am ready to do that too,” said Sharma.

He has started each playoff game with the ritual and is ready to continue it next season, regardless of how this championship series ends.

“In every situation, I will support this team, not just when they are winning,” Sharma said. “I think it’s those types of fans that make the team so special.”

The featured subway exit at 34th Street Penn Station is a communal sign of the entire city rooting for the Knicks to win. Adam Gray/Getty Images

Winona Foster has waited decades to see the Knicks win a championship again.

The last time she won the championship, she was 19 years old. Now 72, she thinks watching another title, this time with her children, will feel even more special.

Foster said, “I would cry. I would really cry – with happiness, really.” “I think this is it. The game, the basketball, the Knicks winning – it’s going to be phenomenal.

Even new fans have got the bug and found camaraderie.

Hiris Fozan has lived in Queens for the past decade but only arrived in the Knicks in the last two weeks. Seeing Knicks flags in his neighbourhood led him to learn more, and now he has joined the crowd.

“Suddenly, every time you go somewhere, you wear a jersey. And suddenly, you know, you are like your friends,” Fozan said.

However, you won’t catch him at any watch parties. He believes that when he watched live, the team lost – and he doesn’t see that as likely.

“I wouldn’t watch it live, not even on TV right now,” Fozan said. “Just going to read the good news after that.”

Other fans hope Game 5 will be the right atmosphere for a win. The Knicks’ only loss in the past month came in Game 3, a game that also featured a special guest in the form of President Donald Trump. Some fans felt that the additional security and restrictions on access to Madison Square Garden dampened the excitement of the first Finals home game in 27 years.

Despite players saying that Trump’s presence played no role in their loss, some fans remain unconvinced.

“I thought there was some juju in that stadium, in Madison Square Garden, that took us off our game,” said Tracy Walker, who has been a fan since the Willis Reed era. “We were out, and the referees were not for us at all.”

The Madison Square Garden subway station is decorated in the orange and blue colors of the New York Knicks.
New York City in orange and blue, fans focused on one mission: bringing the NBA Finals trophy back home. Michael M. Santiago/Getty Images

Celebrity fans also have their own rituals.

The most spotted wardrobe item of Jordyn Woods, the fiancée of Knicks star Karl-Anthony Towns, was a custom orange bag from her clothing brand. He started bringing the bag to each game day instead of changing bags; fans gave it his name, ‘lucky bag’.

However, she could not make it to Game 3 due to security restrictions. When she brought it back in Game 4, the Knicks won.

“There’s so much attention being paid to my orange bag – it’s wonderful because it’s my brand – but it also feels like a lot of pressure! Everyone has made it such an event,” Woods told Vogue.

Ben Stiller told ESPN before Game 4’s win that he and his wife burnt all their clothes from Game 3. “As far as I’m concerned, that game was an anomaly,” Stiller said.

It’s been a fantastic time to bring Knicks fans and everyone from across town together. Dillon Chance, who was born into a fan base through his mother, believes that the collective support will bring the title to Brooklyn.

“The only thing I really want to do is make them paint this whole sky orange and blue,” Chance said. “I feel like they do, dab.”

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Meet Otis D’Souza, the viral intern who proves it’s never too late to start over

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He washed helicopters, built an empire, retired — then became an intern at 64: Meet Otis D'Souza, the viral intern who proved it's never too late to start again

“I don’t need money. I have enough,” Otis D’Souza said it with such ease that it seemed almost unnatural. Then came the second part of the sentence. “I just don’t want to do anything.”

Most stories about work begin with a search for an opportunity. It starts with someone who no longer needs it.

That’s partly why the Internet is so fascinated by D’Souza, 64, who recently went viral after joining a Mumbai startup as an intern.

The title itself was enough to arouse curiosity.

Interns are usually people who are trying to start their careers.

D’Souza has already gone through many phases.

Long before he became the internet’s favourite intern, he flew helicopters, became an aircraft maintenance engineer, built companies, watched one become one of the largest in its category, and eventually closed it down, retired, and accumulated his hard-earned lessons, joking that if there was a mistake to be made, he’d probably already made it.

“If there was a mistake to be made, I made it,” he said. The Times of India. Rekha starts laughing. But it also explains why people listen when he speaks.

“I’ve been expecting you.”

The story started with a phone call. A mutual friend was insistent that startup founder Joshua Selins needed to meet D’Souza. The reason was unusual. “He would often joke that Otis was an older version of me,” Selins recalled. Out of curiosity, he picked up the phone. “The first thing Otis said was, ‘I was waiting for you.'”

The conversation lasted for more than three hours. The two discussed entrepreneurship, failures, life after retirement, purpose, business and those pesky challenges that people face regardless of age. Although they were decades apart in age, they had an instant connection. Selins was making something. D’Souza spent most of his life doing just that.

Life before internship

D’Souza’s professional journey did not begin in a boardroom. A self-proclaimed rebellious teen, he stopped studying after completing his SSC and entered the workforce while many of his peers were still in school.

His early jobs included cleaning and washing helicopters. What started as work gradually became an interest and then a career. By the age of 22, he had qualified as an aircraft maintenance engineer. Later came entrepreneurship.

Together with friends, he formed an events company that eventually became the largest of its kind. Then came the other side of the business. The company closed down. Today, he talks about both experiences with the same level of honesty. Got success. There was a failure. Life moved forward. What remained was the lesson.

The internship that started as a joke

As their conversation continued, Selins realised that D’Souza had some things hard to find. Perspective.

Not something that comes from books or podcasts, but from experience. At the same time, D’Souza found himself attracted to the energy of a young team building something from nothing. One day, Selins provided a simple suggestion.

Why not spend some time in the office?

There was no consulting contract. No counselling system. No discussion on compensation. D’Souza wasn’t looking for any of these things. In fact, he remembers thinking, “I’m not a coach.

I’m not a consultant. I’m not a consultant. “The title “Intern” emerged almost by chance. Someone made fun of it. The team laughed. Comparisons with the film The Intern emerged. D’Souza also laughed. He joked, “I’m your intern; I’m your boss.” Title retained. He did exactly the same.

what youth taught him

The viral video led many to believe that the relationship worked because the young employee was learning from someone with decades of experience.

Video:

D’Souza believes that learning is mutual. In fact, he says the most important lessons he’s learned recently have come from young people. “The problem with our generation is that we spend our lives instructing them,” he said. Don’t do this. Do that. This is the right way.

This is the wrong way. But he believes young people are not looking for another person to tell them what to do. “They want someone to listen to them.” It’s a simple observation, but it has shaped how he interacts with the team.

He prefers conversation rather than lecturing. Instead of giving orders, he offers options. Then he lets people make their own decisions.

cake text

A moment that had a lasting impact on the company came during a discussion about ownership. D’Souza observed that many decisions were coming through the founders. So he gathered the team and asked a question. “Do you want a piece of cake?” Everyone said, “Yes.” His reply came immediately. “If you want a piece of the cake, you have to help bake it.” ”

The message was simple. People cannot sit on the sidelines and expect ownership. They have to contribute to creating something first. According to Selins, the conversation led to a significant change in accountability and initiative within the team. It was one of those lessons that took only a few minutes to explain but could take years to learn.

The advice a founder never forgets

A conversation continues between the two through Selins. Like many entrepreneurs, he was dealing with the pressures of cash flow, payroll, and the constant uncertainty that comes with building a business.

After listening patiently, D’Souza presented a viewpoint that surprised him. “Of all the problems you may have in life, not having money should be the least of your worries.” Then he explained the reason.

Money matters. But so do family, relationships, meaningful work, and the people around you. After decades of entrepreneurship, D’Souza had come to a conclusion that takes many people years to reach. “Money really is the smallest.”

The attention she never expected

The viral response completely stunned him. According to Selins, D’Souza has never been a person who likes to be in the limelight. Yet as the video spread online, messages poured in from strangers thanking him for sharing their experiences and perspective. One message in particular stuck with the founder. “Joshua, I’m so happy right now. You have no idea how much this has blessed me.”

For Selins, that was the most meaningful part of the entire experience. What started as a simple idea inside an office grew into something much bigger. This showed D’Souza that people still wanted to hear what he had to say. The lessons learned from decades of successes, failures and reinventions still matter.

what matters now

These days, D’Souza says there’s one thing he doesn’t worry about anymore. Other people’s opinions. “You don’t like me?” He said, laughing. “Stand at the end of a long line.” This is a line that comes across differently once you know the story behind it. The Internet may remember him as the 64-year-old intern who went viral. But those who knew him remember something else.

A man who has already experienced success and failure, ambition and retirement, certainty and reinvention – and who still has not lost his curiosity. Despite everything he did, he still shows up. Not because he needs any other title. Not because he needs another pay cheque. But because he still believes there is value in listening, learning, sharing what he knows, and helping create something new.

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Indian who shot at AP Dhillon’s house tells Canada Immigration

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In 2024, the Lawrence Bishnoi gang attacked AP Dhillon’s house in Canada.

Indian national Abhijit Singh Kingra, convicted of carrying out an extortion attack at the Victoria-area home of Punjabi singer AP Dhillon, has told Canada Immigration that he will be killed if he is deported back to India. Kingra said in his testimony that he did not understand that he was working for the Bishnoi gang when he attacked.

I got news that this gang was threatening my family in India and they said they would kill me if I went back,” Kingra said. Kingra insisted he was not a member of the Bishnoi gang.

Since I’m not a member of their gang – they think I’m here to help the police because I was the first one arrested,” Kingra said. Kingra’s revelation came during an admissibility hearing to determine whether he should be deported to India for organised crime.

The 26-year-old was sentenced to six years for arson and firearms offences for his role in the incident, in which Kingra and his co-accused set vehicles on fire and fired 14 bullets from a handgun in front of Dhillon’s home.

‘I was surprised; I was on every news channel. ‘Kingara said he was surprised when he saw the video he had filmed on every news channel.

“Even I was surprised by this footage everywhere on the news channels in the morning,” he said. “If I had known earlier that the Bishnoi gang was involved and it was such a serious matter – extortion and all that – then I would have refused at that time.

“My family was already receiving threats, and now it will be 100 per cent for them because things will be out in the media,” Kingra said. “And if I went to India – of course – they would kill me,” Kingra said.

He came to Canada in 2018 on a student visa. While he was doing various odd jobs, he met Vikram Sharma, co-accused in the arson case at AP Dhillon’s house. Kingra said Sharma offered him $4000 to join the attack and that AP Dhillon’s house would remain vacant.

But it was not. Although Dhillon was not home, his roommate narrowly escaped injury. Kingra said Sharma gave him the money in cash and never told him who he did it for.

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Rangers will hold talks with Hearts boss Derek McInnes. Football news.

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Rangers will hold talks with Derek McInnes about replacing Danny Ruhl.

The Gers have made a formal approach to Hearts to discuss their head coach with current boss Röhl on the way to joining RB Salzburg.

McInnes, a former Rangers player, previously turned down the chance to take over the club in 2017. The 54-year-old guided Hearts to second place in his first season at Tynecastle, as they missed out on the league title to Celtic on the final day of the campaign.

Salzburg is said to be keen to appoint Rohl as Daniel Bacheler’s replacement in Austria. Sky Sports News It has previously been reported that any potential deal would need to meet Rangers’ terms, as Röhl has two years remaining on his contract at Ibrox, having joined the club last October.

Röhl took over from Russell Martin, with the team finishing sixth in the league and leading them to a title race before falling short towards the end of last season.

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Rangers chairman Andrew Cavanagh has promised an overhaul of the Ibrox squad as head coach Danny Rohl is backed despite finishing third.
Rangers players will return to pre-season training next week.

Chairman Andrew Cavanagh and chief executive Jim Gillespie are in Boston and will watch Haiti against Scotland in the World Cup.

Hearts chief executive Andrew McKinley is also at the match as part of the Scottish FA delegation in his role as vice president of the Scottish FA.

McInnes is also heading to the US for the game after his close-season holiday.

How about a summer transfer?

Rangers have already begun a summer rebuild led by the likes of new CEO Jim Gillespie, executive director Fraser Thornton, technical director Dan Purdy, and consultant Stig Inge Bjørnebye working with the coaching team to add to the squad.

Scotland international Laurence Shankland was the first confirmed signing, joining Hearts on a two-year deal with an option for a further 12 months.

He moved from Tynecastle to Ibrox upon the activation of a clause in his contract which saw him move on a free, having scored 20 goals in all competitions last season.

Rohal’s coaching career so far

Röhl began his coaching career at RB Leipzig, where he progressed to assist Ralf Hessenhuttel before moving to Southampton in 2018.

He then became Hanse Flick’s assistant manager at Bayern Munich in 2019, helping the club win the Bundesliga and Champions League in 2020.

In October 2023, he became manager for the first time, guiding Sheffield Wednesday to Championship safety, inheriting a side that took just two points from their first 10 games and then finished 12th in his second season before leaving.

They moved to Ibrox last October and finished third in the Scottish Premiership. Rangers were knocked out of the Scottish Cup at the quarter-final stage and the semi-finals of the League Cup.

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USA vs Paraguay LIVE: Pochettino gives Pulisic injury update after co-hosts get World Cup 2026 off to a perfect start

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Pochettino: No risks taken with Pulisic

Mauricio Pochettino has provided an update on Christian Pulisic’s fitness after taking off his star winger at half-time.

“He got a kick in his calf and was feeling tight at the end of the first half,” he said. “We would rather not take any risks.

“It was difficult for him to walk but hopefully it’s not a big problem and he can be ready for the next one.”

(Getty)

Will Castle, June 13, 2026, 04:40

Folarin Balogun for the Golden Boot?

Folarin Balogan takes the lead in the World Cup Golden Boat Race!

Yes, it’s only been five games. But the US striker is still the first player to win the tournament, meaning he leaps to the top of the goalscoring charts.

It may take a little more to stay there, remember.

(Getty)

Will Castle, June 13, 2026, 04:30

Christian Pulisic sparked an injury scare for the United States after he was ruled out following a stellar performance at the World Cup.

Christian Pulisic has sparked injury concerns for the United States after his impressive first-half performance in their Group D World Cup 2026 opener against Paraguay.

But the USA coach removed his talisman at the break with a lack of explanation as to why, with some suggesting Pochettino was keen to rest the No. 10.

Will Castle, 13 June 2026, 04:20

America made a statement to demolish Paraguay in the World Cup.

(Reuters)
(Reuters)
(Getty)

Will Castle, 13 June 2026, 04:12

Full time! USA 4-1 Paraguay

The USA got off to a great start to their World Cup 2026 campaign against a lacklustre Paraguay side with Christian Pulisic and Folarin Balogun leading the way for the hosts.

The fast pace set by Mauricio Pochettino spelt disaster for the South Americans, with a Damian Bobadilla own goal giving the hosts the lead. And the second followed soon after, Pulisic racing down the left back to Balogun, who made no mistake with a clinical finish. The Monaco striker then hammered home a third to complete a stunning first-half performance.

Pulisic would come on at the break, with Pochettino questioning the reasons for the decision, and Paraguay’s Mauricio sparked hopes of a famous comeback with a second-half goal. But Gio Reyna ensured the hosts finished the match on a high, curling beautifully with the outside of his foot to add the USA’s fourth with the final kick of the game.

(Reuters)

Will Castle, 13 June 2026, 04:08

Full time! USA 4-1 Paraguay

The final whistle blows!

Incredible performance from the hosts.

(A.P)

Will Castle, 13 June 2026, 04:05

Goal! USA 4-1 Paraguay (Reyna, 90+8′)

It was a perfect ending to a perfect beginning!

Gio Reyna’s stunning Travailla finish took the USA past the four-goal barrier, the first time they have accomplished the feat in a World Cup match in their history.

Will Castle June 13, 2026 04:03

USA 3-1 Paraguay

90+7 mins: The Americans end with a flurry. McKinney comes down the left and tries to find Peppy as they look for fourth down, but Alderett gets there to throw.

Will Castle, 13 June 2026, 04:00

USA 3-1 Paraguay

90+6 mins: The USA are almost there…

Will Castle, 13 June 2026, 04:00

USA 3-1 Paraguay

90+3 mins: Paraguay defending valiantly again as Robinson attempts a cutback, desperately trying to clear.

They eventually take it to the opposition half but as America tries to come back, Adams has his shirt pulled by Alonso. He enters the book.

Will Castle, 13 June 2026, 03:58

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Russia-Ukraine war now longer than World War I

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AI-generated image used for representation

The Russia-Ukraine war has entered uncharted territory. More than four years after Russian forces crossed into Ukraine in February 2022, the conflict has now lasted longer than World War I, the global conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918 and is known as the Great War. According to a NYT report, the war has reached 1,569 days, surpassing the duration of World War I.

What started as a military campaign that the Kremlin believed would bring Kyiv to its knees within days has turned into Europe’s longest and bloodiest conflict since World War II. However, unlike the First World War, which attracted many great powers on different continents, the Russia–Ukraine War remains primarily a conflict between two countries. Yet the widespread use of modern military technology, from drones and precision-guided missiles to electronic warfare systems, has made it one of the most technologically advanced wars in recent history, shaping the strategies of both Putin and Zelenskyy.

Also read: How Ukraine is challenging the Russian juggernaut, reinventing modern warfare. Moscow hoped for a quick victory in 2022. Instead, the invasion has turned into a protracted and costly conflict that has reshaped Europe’s security landscape and defied almost every early prediction about its trajectory. So far, several efforts have been made to reduce tensions between Moscow and Kyiv. Neither has succeeded in bringing the war any closer to a durable peace. US Commander-in-Chief Donald Trump, who has often presented himself as a dealmaker capable of resolving some of the world’s toughest conflicts, also sought to play the role of mediator.

Yet the Ukraine problem proved more difficult than expected. In one of the most closely watched diplomatic moments of the conflict, Trump welcomed his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin in Alaska, hosting him on US soil for the first time in a decade. The optics included handshakes, bilateral talks, joint presence and promises of engagement.

But when the cameras were turned off, little changed on the battlefield. Putin returned to Moscow and the war machine continued. Meanwhile, Zelenskyy continued to bounce between capitals looking for support. Relying on Western military aid and financial support to maintain Ukraine’s resistance, the Ukrainian leader made repeated visits to Washington. Yet few of those trips generated as much discussion about his trademark wartime attire as they did about the essence of diplomacy, a reminder that symbolism often competed with strategy in the public narrative surrounding the war.

Putin’s gamble, Zelensky’s resistance

The conflict has escalated far beyond initial expectations between Russian President Vladimir Putin, the former KGB officer who has dominated Russian politics for more than two decades, and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, the comedian turned politician who became the face of Ukraine’s wartime resistance.

Few people would have guessed that Ukraine, a country outside NATO and without nuclear weapons, would be able to withstand Russia’s military power for so long. Equally, the Kremlin is unlikely to have anticipated that a campaign lasting several days or weeks would still be raging more than four years later. Russia launched the invasion to bring Ukraine firmly into its sphere of influence.

However, Kyiv’s resistance, supported by extensive Western military and financial assistance, turned the conflict into a pitched war that consumed massive amounts of lives, resources, and political capital. “I thought that maybe after two or three years, politicians would find some kind of consensus,” a Ukrainian soldier identified only by his call sign “France” told The New York Times. Instead, the war continues with no clear end.

Echoes of World War I

For years, analysts and military observers have compared the war in Ukraine to World War I. The similarities are difficult to ignore: trench warfare, brutal infantry assaults, shocking deaths and relentless struggles for incremental territorial gains.

The Economist described the anniversary as a “sorrowful milestone”, noting the irony that a conflict that was expected to last only a few days has now outlived a war that people in 1914 believed would be “over by Christmas”. The similarities extend beyond this period. Then, as now, military planners expected a quick victory. Instead, soldiers found themselves locked in prolonged combat, battling not only the enemy but also exhaustion, uncertainty, and rapidly evolving military technologies.

Where machine guns, tanks and mustard gas transformed warfare a century ago, drones, precision strikes and digital surveillance define the modern battlefield. Moreover, for many Ukrainians, the origins of the war extend beyond 2022. They trace the conflict back to 2014, when Russia annexed Crimea and Moscow-backed separatists began fighting in eastern Ukraine. Seen from that perspective, this struggle has been going on for more than a decade.

search for peace

Despite symbolic milestones, peace remains elusive. According to The Economist, recent battlefield developments have marginally improved Ukraine’s situation. Ukrainian drone strikes are reaching deep into Russian territory, while Europe is preparing substantial financial support for Kiev, even if US support seems less certain than before.

Yet diplomatic efforts have stalled. Despite repeated calls from Ukraine and its Western allies, Putin has shown little willingness to engage in meaningful talks. The war continues and neither side appears willing to make the concessions necessary for success.

lessons from versailles

For The Economist, the lessons of the First World War’s outcome may ultimately prove as important as the lessons of the war itself. The Treaty of Versailles ended the fighting in 1919 but left behind grievances and unresolved tensions that contributed to another and even more devastating global conflict two decades later.

The publication argues that history should weigh heavily on policymakers seeking to end the Ukraine war. Any future agreement is unlikely to amount to a decisive victory for either side. Russia is not a defeated state facing unconditional surrender, while Ukraine’s allies will ultimately face difficult questions related to territory, sanctions, reconstruction, and long-term security guarantees. The challenge will be to establish a peace that prevents future conflict rather than preventing current conflict.

no end in sight

More than four years after the invasion began, the war has already changed Europe. The war has tested Western unity, strengthened Ukrainian national identity and exposed the limits of military forecasting. Most of all, it serves as a reminder that wars often last longer than the ambitions, perceptions, and timelines of those who start them.

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